![]() ![]() These reactions are similar for most macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific for its class. Note that this reaction is the reverse of the synthesis reaction shown in Figure 3.2.ĭehydration and hydrolysis reactions are catalyzed, or sped up, by specific enzymes: Dehydration reactions involve the formation of new bonds, requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy. ![]() This type of reaction is known as dehydration synthesis, which means to put together while losing water.įigure 3.3 In the hydrolysis reaction shown here, the disaccharide maltose is broken down to form two glucose monomers with the addition of a water molecule. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. Most macromolecules are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and additional minor elements. ![]() Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they contain carbon. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s dry mass-recall that water makes up the majority of its complete mass. Each of these macromolecules is an important cell component and performs a wide array of functions. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. In addition, content from this chapter is addressed in the AP ® Biology Laboratory Manual in the following lab(s):Īs you’ve learned, biological macromolecules are large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.ġ.D.1 There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence.Ĭlaims and predictions about natural phenomena based onġ.27 The student is able to describe a scientific hypothesis about the origin of life on Earth.ģ.3 The student can evaluate scientific questions.ġ.28 The student is able to evaluate scientific questions based on hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. A learning objective merges required content with one or more of the seven Science Practices. The Learning Objectives listed in the Curriculum Framework provide a transparent foundation for the AP ® Biology course, an inquiry-based laboratory experience, instructional activities, and AP ® Exam questions. Information presented and the examples highlighted in the section support concepts and Learning Objectives outlined in Big Idea 1 of the AP ® Biology Curriculum Framework. Evidence supports scientists’ claim that the organic precursors of these biological molecules were present on primitive Earth. ![]() The four categories of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Dehydration reactions typically require an investment of energy for new bond formation, whereas hydrolysis reactions typically release energy that can be used to power cellular processes. Both dehydration and hydrolysis reactions in cells are catalyzed by specific enzymes. (Think of a train: Each boxcar, including the caboose, represents a monomer, and the entire train is a polymer.) During digestion, polymers can be broken down by hydrolysis, or the addition of water. Complex polymers are built from combinations of smaller monomers by dehydration synthesis, a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is removed between two linking monomers. These large molecules are composed mainly of six elements-sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen (SPONCH)-in different quantities and arrangements. Living organisms need food to survive as it contains critical nutrients in the form of biological macromolecules. ![]()
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